Who lies buried beheath Keramat Iskandar Shah?
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This account is from various sources and is controversial in certain areas:
The Kingdom of Singapura (according to Nanyang university history lecturer Goh Charn Keong)
Sang Nila Utama (Sri Tri Buana) 1269 – 1317
Sri Vicrama Vira 1317 – 1332
Sri Rama Vikrama 1332 – 1345
Sri Maharaja 1345 – 1357
Raja Secander Shah 1357 – 1389Malacca Sultanate
Parameswara (born 1344, Palembang, Srivijaya, Known as San Fo Qi in China)
Ruler :1403 – 1414Megat Iskandar Shah 1414 – 1424, son of Parameswara
(This is controversial. Other sources mention Paramesvara had married a daughter of the Sultan of Pasei at the age of 70 in 1414, and had converted to Islam and change his name to Megat Iskandar Shah.)Sri Maharaja 1424 – 1444
Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah, 1444 – 1446 (Raja Ibrahim, dethroned and killed by his elder half brother Raja Kasim)
Sultan Muzaffar Shah, 1446 – 1459 (Raja Kasim)
Sultan Mansor Shah, 1459 – 1477
Sultan Ala’uddin Shah 1477 – 1488
Sultan Mahmud Shah 1488 – 1511
Chinese records:According to the original script of Ming chronicle, ch 325: Envoy Yin Qing was sent to Malacca to grant golden silk plait and golden lace veil. Yin Qing reported that no kingdom had been established and there was no king, while an annual tax 40 golds was paid to Siam. Chieftain Parameswara rejoiced greatly and Yin Qing brought him to China for the traditional tributary. The emperor praised and made him King of Man-la-ka, granted him the Imperial seal, colored-money, a complete set of suit and the yellow regal umbrella. The Malaccan envoy replied that the “king (Parameswara) is admiring and willing to pay annual tribute, please grant the hill as the city of the kingdom.” The emperor agreed, and granted the inscription of imperial poetry embellished onto stone tablet to the hill (where hill means Malacca).
In the ninth year, Zheng He together with King Parameswara, his wife and 540 officials arrived. Upon arriving, a grand welcoming party was held. Animals were sacrificed, Parameswara was granted a two-piece gold-embroidered clothing with dragon motifs, Kylin robe, gold and silverwares, silk lace bed quilt, and gifts to all officials and followers. Upon returning home, Parameswara was granted the jade belt, brace, saddle, and coroneted suit to the wife. Upon reaching the heaven’s gate (China), Parameswara was again granted jade belt, brace, saddle, a hundred gold & platinum, 400,000 banknotes, 2600 cash, 300 pieces of silk brocade voile, 1000 pieces of silk, 2 pieces of whole gold plait, 2 pieces of knee-length gown with gold threads woven through sleeves….
Ming Emperor Yong Le receive Parameswara in his Fan Tian palace in 1411
(Pic taken at Cheng Ho Museum, Malacca)Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane peak, golden female crane peak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks.
Yong Le Reign 11th year, 1413, Parameswara dies in Malacca. Parameswara was originally a Buddhist (?). but since Parameswara married the princess of Pasei, a Muslim kingdom, he converted to Muslim and also changed his name to Iskander Shah. Due to his influence, all the successors of the Sultanate of Malacca also converted to Islam.
Yong Le Reign 12th year 1414, Prince Megan Syaid Shah came to China. The Ming Emperor proclaimed him the 2nd King of Malacca. Megan Syaid Shah died in 1425. (Some sources identified Megan Shah as Parameswara and the Chinese had failed to recognise the conversion and change of name of Parameswara)
Yong Le Reign 22th year 1425 Prince Si-la Ma-ha-ra (Sri Maharaja) came to China. Emperor grant him gold coins. Sri Maharaja became the 3rd Sultan of Malacca. Later in Xuan De Reign 1423, again he visited China with his wife and family.
Who is buried at Keramat Iskandar Shah?At the reign of Iskandar Shah, the 5th King of Singapura, at that time the Bandahara was Sang Ranjuna Tapa who has a beautiful daughter married to the King. However, Iskandar Shah accused his wife of infidelity and have her put to death and impaled at a public place called Point Market. Sang Ranjuna Tapa was deeply affected by the disgrace and despatched a letter to Java saying, ” If the Bitara of Majapahit wishes to possses himself of Singapura, let him come quickly for there is disaffection in the fort. The Bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks, and emabarked on board two Cati of Javans (200,000). They slaughtered the people of Singapura with the help of Sang Ranjuan Tapa, who opened the gates of the fortress for the invaders. It is said that after the conquest and the plunder, the Majapahit then left a stone to commenate their conquest of Singapura (the Singapore stone?) and returned to Java. (Fragments of the stones was sent to Calcutta at that time and the guess was that it was a a record of some kind of Javanese triumph)
Fragment of the Singapore stone
Iskandar Shah is said to escape to Malaysia. He later returned back to Singapura and is said to the the person now buried at Keramat Iskandar Shah.
After the return of Majapahit, the Kingdom of Siam extend its influence to Singapura and appoint a regent Tamagi to Singapura. (Some source named him as Sangesinga, a son-in-law of the Siam King)
Parameswara lived in Palembang as a prince within the Srivijayan empire but conquest forced him and many others to flee Palembang. Parameswara in particular sailed to Temasek to escape persecution and came under the protection of Tamagi, Siamese regent in Temasek. He later became a regent there for five years after killing Tamagi. It was not long before he had to leave Temasek after Siam threaten him and sent an army from Pahang.Parameswara later headed north to found a new settlement. Muar was one of the more important places which he had visited before reaching the location of modern day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, it was here that he witnessed a mouse deer outwitting a dog while resting under a Malacca tree. He took what he saw as a good omen and decided to establish a kingdom called Malacca.
Who is buried at Keramat Iskandar Shah? Either
1) the last king of the Kingdom of Singapura who returned back after the invaders from Majapahit left
2) Tamagi (Sangesinga), son-in-law of the Siam King who was later killed by Parameswara.
3) Sri Tri Buana (the First King of Singapura)
4) Symbolic tomb of Iskandar Shah who died in Malacca
NB: It is also possible that Tamagi (Sangesinga) is Raja Secandar Shah, the last ruler of Kingdom of Singapura who was killed by Parameswara
Appendix:Wang Ta Yuan, a Chinese trader, writing in 1330 describes Temasek thus (should be during the reign of Sri Vicrama Vira 1317 – 1332)
“….. the soil is unfertile and yields only a little rice. The climate is warm and in the 4th and 5th months there are heavy rains. The people are accustomed to pillage. At one time in the past, the chief dug the earth and found a crown made of jade. In the beginning of the year, people looked for the new moon to determine the New Year’s Day, when the chief would wear the crown and put on dress to receive greetings. This custom is still transmitted down to the present generation. Both men and women, even those Chinese dwelling there, have their hair tied in a knot and wear a short jacket with sarong of blue stuff. The country produces rough lakawood and tin blocks. The merchandise for trading consists of pure gold, blue stain, pattern cloth, porcelains… , iron pots,…. When the vessels sail to the west sea, and natives are quite at ease, but on their return voyage the crew have to put up arrow shelters and curtains, and sharpen their weapons to guard against pirates,… Two or three hundred boats of the pirates would come on silently and fight for several days. It would be fortunate if the travelers could meet a fair wind; otherwise the crew would be butchered and the merchandise would be looted.”
In another journal on Kingdom of Siam, Wang wrote,”
Recently 70 boats from Siam came to invade Temask. They besiege the fort for 1 month but cannot capture it. The fort was closed and tightly guarded. Then vessels from Java came, and the Siamese fleet left.
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This account is from various sources and is controversial in certain areas:
The Kingdom of Singapura (according to Nanyang university history lecturer Goh Charn Keong)
Sang Nila Utama (Sri Tri Buana) 1269 – 1317
Sri Vicrama Vira 1317 – 1332
Sri Rama Vikrama 1332 – 1345
Sri Maharaja 1345 – 1357
Raja Secander Shah 1357 – 1389Malacca Sultanate
Parameswara (born 1344, Palembang, Srivijaya, Known as San Fo Qi in China)
Ruler :1403 – 1414Megat Iskandar Shah 1414 – 1424, son of Parameswara
(This is controversial. Other sources mention Paramesvara had married a daughter of the Sultan of Pasei at the age of 70 in 1414, and had converted to Islam and change his name to Megat Iskandar Shah.)Sri Maharaja 1424 – 1444
Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah, 1444 – 1446 (Raja Ibrahim, dethroned and killed by his elder half brother Raja Kasim)
Sultan Muzaffar Shah, 1446 – 1459 (Raja Kasim)
Sultan Mansor Shah, 1459 – 1477
Sultan Ala’uddin Shah 1477 – 1488
Sultan Mahmud Shah 1488 – 1511
Chinese records:According to the original script of Ming chronicle, ch 325: Envoy Yin Qing was sent to Malacca to grant golden silk plait and golden lace veil. Yin Qing reported that no kingdom had been established and there was no king, while an annual tax 40 golds was paid to Siam. Chieftain Parameswara rejoiced greatly and Yin Qing brought him to China for the traditional tributary. The emperor praised and made him King of Man-la-ka, granted him the Imperial seal, colored-money, a complete set of suit and the yellow regal umbrella. The Malaccan envoy replied that the “king (Parameswara) is admiring and willing to pay annual tribute, please grant the hill as the city of the kingdom.” The emperor agreed, and granted the inscription of imperial poetry embellished onto stone tablet to the hill (where hill means Malacca).
In the ninth year, Zheng He together with King Parameswara, his wife and 540 officials arrived. Upon arriving, a grand welcoming party was held. Animals were sacrificed, Parameswara was granted a two-piece gold-embroidered clothing with dragon motifs, Kylin robe, gold and silverwares, silk lace bed quilt, and gifts to all officials and followers. Upon returning home, Parameswara was granted the jade belt, brace, saddle, and coroneted suit to the wife. Upon reaching the heaven’s gate (China), Parameswara was again granted jade belt, brace, saddle, a hundred gold & platinum, 400,000 banknotes, 2600 cash, 300 pieces of silk brocade voile, 1000 pieces of silk, 2 pieces of whole gold plait, 2 pieces of knee-length gown with gold threads woven through sleeves….Ming Emperor Yong Le receive Parameswara in his Fan Tian palace in 1411
(Pic taken at Cheng Ho Museum, Malacca)Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane peak, golden female crane peak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks.
Yong Le Reign 11th year, 1413, Parameswara dies in Malacca. Parameswara was originally a Buddhist (?). but since Parameswara married the princess of Pasei, a Muslim kingdom, he converted to Muslim and also changed his name to Iskander Shah. Due to his influence, all the successors of the Sultanate of Malacca also converted to Islam.
Yong Le Reign 12th year 1414, Prince Megan Syaid Shah came to China. The Ming Emperor proclaimed him the 2nd King of Malacca. Megan Syaid Shah died in 1425. (Some sources identified Megan Shah as Parameswara and the Chinese had failed to recognise the conversion and change of name of Parameswara)
Yong Le Reign 22th year 1425 Prince Si-la Ma-ha-ra (Sri Maharaja) came to China. Emperor grant him gold coins. Sri Maharaja became the 3rd Sultan of Malacca. Later in Xuan De Reign 1423, again he visited China with his wife and family.
Who is buried at Keramat Iskandar Shah?At the reign of Iskandar Shah, the 5th King of Singapura, at that time the Bandahara was Sang Ranjuna Tapa who has a beautiful daughter married to the King. However, Iskandar Shah accused his wife of infidelity and have her put to death and impaled at a public place called Point Market. Sang Ranjuna Tapa was deeply affected by the disgrace and despatched a letter to Java saying, ” If the Bitara of Majapahit wishes to possses himself of Singapura, let him come quickly for there is disaffection in the fort. The Bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks, and emabarked on board two Cati of Javans (200,000). They slaughtered the people of Singapura with the help of Sang Ranjuan Tapa, who opened the gates of the fortress for the invaders. It is said that after the conquest and the plunder, the Majapahit then left a stone to commenate their conquest of Singapura (the Singapore stone?) and returned to Java. (Fragments of the stones was sent to Calcutta at that time and the guess was that it was a a record of some kind of Javanese triumph)
Fragment of the Singapore stone
Iskandar Shah is said to escape to Malaysia. He later returned back to Singapura and is said to the the person now buried at Keramat Iskandar Shah.
After the return of Majapahit, the Kingdom of Siam extend its influence to Singapura and appoint a regent Tamagi to Singapura. (Some source named him as Sangesinga, a son-in-law of the Siam King)
Parameswara lived in Palembang as a prince within the Srivijayan empire but conquest forced him and many others to flee Palembang. Parameswara in particular sailed to Temasek to escape persecution and came under the protection of Tamagi, Siamese regent in Temasek. He later became a regent there for five years after killing Tamagi. It was not long before he had to leave Temasek after Siam threaten him and sent an army from Pahang.Parameswara later headed north to found a new settlement. Muar was one of the more important places which he had visited before reaching the location of modern day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, it was here that he witnessed a mouse deer outwitting a dog while resting under a Malacca tree. He took what he saw as a good omen and decided to establish a kingdom called Malacca.
Who is buried at Keramat Iskandar Shah? Either
1) the last king of the Kingdom of Singapura who returned back after the invaders from Majapahit left
2) Tamagi (Sangesinga), son-in-law of the Siam King who was later killed by Parameswara.
3) Sri Tri Buana (the First King of Singapura)
4) Symbolic tomb of Iskandar Shah who died in Malacca
NB: It is also possible that Tamagi (Sangesinga) is Raja Secandar Shah, the last ruler of Kingdom of Singapura who was killed by Parameswara
Appendix:Wang Ta Yuan, a Chinese trader, writing in 1330 describes Temasek thus (should be during the reign of Sri Vicrama Vira 1317 – 1332)
“….. the soil is unfertile and yields only a little rice. The climate is warm and in the 4th and 5th months there are heavy rains. The people are accustomed to pillage. At one time in the past, the chief dug the earth and found a crown made of jade. In the beginning of the year, people looked for the new moon to determine the New Year’s Day, when the chief would wear the crown and put on dress to receive greetings. This custom is still transmitted down to the present generation. Both men and women, even those Chinese dwelling there, have their hair tied in a knot and wear a short jacket with sarong of blue stuff. The country produces rough lakawood and tin blocks. The merchandise for trading consists of pure gold, blue stain, pattern cloth, porcelains… , iron pots,…. When the vessels sail to the west sea, and natives are quite at ease, but on their return voyage the crew have to put up arrow shelters and curtains, and sharpen their weapons to guard against pirates,… Two or three hundred boats of the pirates would come on silently and fight for several days. It would be fortunate if the travelers could meet a fair wind; otherwise the crew would be butchered and the merchandise would be looted.”
In another journal on Kingdom of Siam, Wang wrote,”
Recently 70 boats from Siam came to invade Temask. They besiege the fort for 1 month but cannot capture it. The fort was closed and tightly guarded. Then vessels from Java came, and the Siamese fleet left.
__,_._,___
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